Association between environmental factors during the COVID-19 pandemic and functioning of infants with biological risk in the first year of life: Cross-sectional exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: Child development can be influenced by family and environmental factors, which changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it is important to explore how these factors are associated with the functioning of infants with biological risk in the first year of life. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate associations between family factors, home opportunities, caregiver perception of environmental support and barriers at home and environmental factors during the COVID-19 pandemic and gross motor skills and home participation in infants with biological risk in the first year of life. METHODS: Fifty-six infants aged two to 12 months (M = 5.80 months; ±2.44) and their mothers performed remote assessments of gross motor skills using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS); participation and environment (phone call) by the Young Children's Participation and Environment Measure (YC-PEM); family factors (income, age and maternal education), home opportunities - The Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development - Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS) and environmental factors during the COVID-19 pandemic (social distancing, emotional and financial factors and physiotherapy) (online forms). Regression models were constructed, considering gross motor skills and home participation as outcome variables, with a 5 % significance level. RESULTS: We found that older maternal age (p = 0.001), more home opportunities (p = 0.043), and less rigorous social distancing (as opposed to total social distancing [p = 0.045]) were significantly associated with better gross motor skills; and higher maternal education (p = 0.050) was associated with more involvement in home activities. CONCLUSION: Family factors, home opportunities and social distancing were differently associated with the gross motor skills and home participation of infants with biological risk in the first year of life.

Early Intervention Involving Specific Task-Environment-Participation (STEP) Protocol for Infants at Risk: A Feasibility Study.

Aims: To verify the feasibility and preliminary effects of the STEP protocol, an intervention based on specific motor skills, environmental factors and participation, in infants at biological risk.Methods: Twenty-eight at-risk infants (STEP Protocol = 14; Standard Intervention = 14), aged 3-9 months and at risk for developmental delay. The following outcomes were assessed: motor skills (Alberta Infant Motor Scale-AIMS); frequency and involvement of participation (Young Children's Participation and Environment Measure-YC-PEM), and home environment opportunities (Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-AHEMD-IS). For both groups, interventions were provided by parents. The intervention for group was based on the following principles: (1) standard intervention: stimulation of motor skills; (2) STEP: stimulation of motor skills, participation, mother-infant interaction, environmental enrichment. A mean comparison test was applied to verify difference between groups after the intervention.Results: The protocol showed good retention and recruitment rates. The STEP group had significantly higher outcomes after intervention on the AIMS (p = 0.014); frequency (p = 0.02) and engagement (p = 0.03) in participation, when compared to standard intervention.Conclusions: The results showed that the STEP protocol is feasible, and presents better results compared to the standard intervention, which reinforces the importance of promoting participation, specific motor skills and family involvement.

Telemonitoring of motor skills using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale for at-risk infants in the first year of life.

INTRODUCTION: Remote assessment creates opportunities for monitoring child development at home. Determining the possible barriers to and facilitators of the quality of telemonitoring motor skills allows for safe and effective practices. We aimed to: (1) determine the quality, barriers and facilitators of Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) home videos made by mothers; (2) verify interrater reliability; (3) determine the association between contextual factors and the quality of assessments. METHODS: Thirty infants at biological risk aged between three and ten months, of both sexes, and their mothers were included. Assessments were based on asynchronous home videos, where motor skills were evaluated by mothers at home according to AIMS guidelines. The following were analyzed: video quality; stimulus quality; camera position; and physical environment. The video characteristics were analyzed descriptively. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to calculate interrater reliability and the regression model to determine the influence of contextual factors on the outcome variables. Significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Remote assessment of AIMS exhibited high image and stimulus quality, and a suitable physical environment. Interrater reliability was high for all domains: prone (r = 0.976); supine (r = 0.965); sitting (r = 0.987); standing (r = 0.945) and total score (r = 0.980). The contextual factors had no relation with assessment quality. DISCUSSION: Assessments conducted remotely by the mothers showed high video quality and interrater reliability, and represent a promising assessment tool for telemedicine in at-risk infants in the first year of life.

Active Videogame Training Combined with Conventional Therapy Alters Body Oscillation in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: Assess the effect of nonimmersive virtual reality (VR) training as complementary rehabilitation on body oscillation in children with cerebral palsy (CP) while standing on different bases of support and surfaces. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three children with unilateral CP randomly allocated to an intervention group (IG, n = 12) or control group (CG, n = 11). The IG underwent two weekly 50-minute sessions of VR training over 8 weeks, associated with conventional therapy, while the CG was submitted to two 45-minute sessions of conventional neurodevelopmental-based physiotherapy a week over the same time period. Participants were evaluated on a force platform under control conditions (CCs) (rigid surface, feet parallel); semitandem stance; flexible surface (FS) with feet parallel; and flexible surface in a semitandem (FSST) stance. The effect of the group and time factors on the center of pressure oscillation variables was analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), with significance set at 0.05. Results: The main effect observed was for time on the FS, with a decline in the amplitude of mediolateral (ML Amp) (P = 0.01) and mediolateral root mean square (P = 0.01) after intervention. In the IG, ML Amp also declined after intervention under CCs (P = 0.02) and total velocity increased for FSST (P = 0.04). The percentage change was significant only in the IG. Conclusion: VR training as complementary rehabilitation can help improve body oscillation in children with CP and mild functional impairment. Nonimmersive VR can be considered a complementary tool for the physical rehabilitation of children with CP. This study was registered with the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (RBR-3zty4w).

Efeito da intervenção com videogame ativo sobre o autoconceito, equilíbrio, desempenho motor e sucesso adaptativo de crianças com paralisia cerebral: estudo preliminar / El efecto de la intervención con videojuego activo sobre el auto concepto, el equilibrio, el desempeño motor y el éxito adaptativo de niños con parálisis cerebral: el estudio preliminar / Effects of active videogame-based intervention on self-concept, balance, motor performance and adaptive success of children with cerebral palsy: preliminary study

RESUMO Crianças com paralisia cerebral (PC) comumente são identificadas como diferentes de seus pares típicos devido à sua condição neuromotora, o que afeta a motivação e consequentemente o desempenho em atividades. A realidade virtual (RV) pode ser uma ferramenta potencial para melhora de aspectos motivacionais e desempenho motor durante a reabilitação. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de um programa de intervenção fundamentado em RV utilizando um videogame ativo no autoconceito, equilíbrio, desempenho motor e sucesso adaptativo de crianças PC. Participaram do estudo oito crianças entre 5 e 14 anos (10,37±3,29), com diagnóstico de PC, níveis I e II no GMFCS. O autoconceito foi avaliado com a Escala Infantil de Autoconceito Piers-Harris, o equilíbrio por meio do domínio quociente motor 3 da Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor. Para avaliação do desempenho motor foi utilizado o quociente motor geral, e as pontuações dos jogos avaliaram o sucesso adaptativo no ambiente virtual. A intervenção aconteceu durante oito semanas, sendo duas sessões semanais de 45 minutos cada. Foram utilizados quatro jogos ativos com demandas de equilíbrio, coordenação motora, saltos, agachamentos e deslocamento lateral do corpo. O teste de Wilcoxon foi usado para verificar as diferenças pré e pós-intervenção. Constatou-se diferença após a intervenção nos domínios: ansiedade, intelectual, popularidade, aparência física, satisfação, felicidade, equilíbrio, desempenho motor, e pontuação dos jogos. Conclui-se que a RV pode influenciar na forma com que essas crianças se enxergam quanto ao autoconceito, equilíbrio, desempenho motor geral e sucesso adaptativo, ajudando os profissionais a desenvolver formas de terapia que possam melhorar tais aspectos.

RESUMEN Niños con parálisis cerebral (PC) comúnmente se identifican como distintos de sus pares típicos debido a su condición neuromotora, lo que afecta la motivación y consecuentemente el desempeño en actividades. La realidad virtual (RV) puede ser una herramienta potencial para la mejora de los aspectos motivacionales y para el desempeño motor durante la rehabilitación. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido certificar el efecto de un programa de intervención basado en RV utilizando un videojuego activo en el auto concepto, en el equilibrio, en el desempeño motor y en el éxito adaptativo de niños PC. Ocho niños entre cinco y 14 años (10,37±3,29), con diagnóstico de PC, niveles I y II en el GMFCS. El auto concepto ha sido evaluado con la Escala Infantil de Auto concepto Piers-Harris y el equilibrio por medio del dominio Cociente Motor 3 de la Escala de Desarrollo Motor. Para la evaluación del desempeño motor ha sido utilizado el Cociente Motor General y las puntuaciones de los juegos han evaluado el éxito adaptativo en el ambiente virtual. La intervención ha ocurrido durante ocho semanas, siendo dos sesiones semanales de 45 minutos cada. Han sido utilizados cuatro juegos activos con demandas de equilibrio, coordinación motora, saltos, sentadillas y desplazamiento lateral del cuerpo. La prueba de Wilcoxon ha sido usada para certificar las diferencias pre y pos intervención. Se ha constado la diferencia después de la intervención en los dominios: Ansiedad, Intelectual, Popularidad, Apariencia Física, Satisfacción, Felicidad, Equilibrio, Desempeño Motor y puntuación de los juegos. Se concluye que la RV puede influenciar la manera con que esos niños se ven cuanto al auto concepto, al equilibrio, al desempeño motor general y al éxito adaptativo, ayudando a los profesionales a desarrollar maneras de terapia que puedan mejorar tales aspectos.

ABSTRACT Children with cerebral palsy (CP) commonly perceive themselves different from their typical peers due to their neuromotor condition, affecting their motivations and activity performance. Virtual reality (VR) seems to be an effective tool to improve motivation and motor performance in rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of VR-based intervention by means of active videogame on self-concept, balance, motor performance and adaptive success in children with CP. Eight children with CP, 10.37 years (±3,29), levels I and II of Gross Motor Function Classification System were submitted to a VR-based intervention, twice a week with sessions of 45 minutes during 8 weeks. The games used in intervention addressed balance, motor coordination, jumps, squats and lateral displacement of the body. Self-concept was tested using Childhood Scale of Self-concept Piers-Harris, balance using Motor Development Scale (MDS) (motor quotient 3), motor performance using MDS (general motor quotient). The games scores were used to test adaptive success on virtual environment. We found significant differences after intervention for all the testes areas. For self-concept scale, the differences appeared in the domains: Anxiety, Intellectual, Popularity, Physical Appearance, Satisfaction and Happiness. It seems that VR-based intervention might interfere with the way children with CP perceive themselves, apart from improve their balance, motor performance and adaptive success. Thus VR-based intervention is a potential tool to assist rehabilitation professionals to improve these aspects of children's health condition.